How It Works: Your Guide to Notebook Technology

byDustin Sklavos

I suspect the way most people look at their computers is the way I look at my car: confused and silently hoping that each day it will just work without any problems. The technology that goes into computers has progressed at a breakneck pace that until recently has only showed signs of slowing down; that said, the "slowdown" is roughly equivalent from reducing your speed from about 125 miles per hour to about ... we'll say 105.

Mercifully, if anything stays the same, it's the way computers are built. If you pop open the case on a desktop computer, there's an amalgam of wires, circuit boards, fans, and all kinds of crazy stuff that will likely just confuse people. But the logic and design that goes into this labyrinth of technology has actually gone relatively unchanged over the past decade. Of course, your laptop, on the other hand, won't do you the luxury of having all these interchangeable parts. In many ways a laptop can actually be MORE complex than a desktop.

Case in point: if my video card in my desktop goes on the fritz and decides it doesn't want to draw pretty pictures anymore, I can just pull it out and replace it with a new one. Not only that, but I have a wide variety (probably too wide) of cards I can put in a desktop, from $20 to even as far as $2,000 for workstation-class hardware. How did I know the video card itself went bad? I plugged my monitor into another computer and it worked just fine.

But what if your laptop stops giving a picture? It could be the cable that connects to the screen inside the shell. It could be the logic in the screen itself. It could be the graphics processor, the processor normally mounted to a removable video card in a desktop but soldered into place inside the laptop.

This long introduction boils down to a single point: laptops are complex. Even for the seasoned technology enthusiast they can be tricky; for the neophyte and the average user, they can be downright mind boggling. And that's where this guide comes in.

How It Works: Prologue

Over the next several weeks, I'm going to break down a single part of your laptop and explain what it does. This isn't going to be about recommendations, this is going to be about knowledge and understanding, dispensing information in such a way that eventually, you won't even need recommendations. You won't need someone to tell you "get this, this is good." You'll be able to know what you need and why.

This week I'll be covering the basic information you'll need to understand the stuff I'm talking about. Don't worry, it's not a huge deal, and there isn't going to be a test later.

There's one very important term and two units of measure that are vital to explaining any of these things to you.

Units of Measure: Hertz (Hz)

The dictionary definition of hertz is a measure of frequency.

You will probably never hear anyone refer to a computer as operating at hertz; the lowest you'll ever hear is megahertz (MHz, 1 MHz is equal to 1,000,000 Hz), and over the past few years you've also heard gigahertz (GHz, 1 GHz is equal to 1,000 MHz). I'll basically be starting at megahertz.

While megahertz may superficially be used to calculate "speed," it's best analogy would be revolutions per minute in a car. Basically, depending on the gear your car is in, 3,000 rpms may result in more or less work getting done. There are a lot of factors that go into just how much work actually gets done: who made the engine, what type of engine it is, etc. Processors are basically the same way. An AMD processor and an Intel processor both running at 900 MHz will do different amounts of work even though their frequencies are the same.

You will also hear megahertz used interchangeably with gigahertz (GHz); again, 1 GHz is equivalent to 1,000 MHz, so if your processor runs at 2.2 GHz, it's running at 2,200 MHz.

The terms "clock speed," "clocks," and "frequency" will all be used interchangeably in regular jargon to measure the same thing: the megahertz or gigahertz a processor runs at.

Units of Measure: Bytes (B)

Without getting into the esoterica of bits, etc., a byte is basically a means of measuring data. The same prefixes used to measure hertz apply to bytes, but it gets a little tricky. I'll try to make it easy for you.

We count in what's called "base 10," and just about everything we interact with on a daily basis is counted in this fashion. We count in units, tens, hundreds, thousands, and so on. We're used to it. It's just how we measure things and it works out fine.

Your computer, on the other hand, counts in "base 2," or binary. Computers operate data basically in a sequence of "on" and "off;" and just about everything "digital" these days can be broken down into 1s and 0s. What this results in is some math that's going to feel slightly goofy. Basically, here's how your units of measure work out:

<blockquote>

1 kilobyte (kB) = 1,024 bytes (B)
1 megabyte (MB) = 1,024 kilobytes (kB)
1 gigabyte (GB) = 1,024 megabytes (MB)
1 terabyte (TB) = 1,024 gigabytes (GB)

</blockquote>

You see how the scaling can get kind of confusing. If you visit wikipedia, you'll see &quot;kibibyte,&quot; &quot;mebibyte,&quot; &quot;gibibyte,&quot; and &quot;tebibyte.&quot; Look, that's probably closer to &quot;correct,&quot; but that's not everyday jargon and it's not what everyone's comfortable with. I had an English teacher tell me &quot;alright&quot; isn't an actual word. You know what? Everyone uses it. &quot;Alright&quot; will make more sense than &quot;all right&quot; in modern language at this point, so if anyone tries to correct you on measuring bytes, punch them in the face because they have nothing better to do than quibble with you on minutiae.

Where were we? Ah yes. Since we're used to counting in base 10, we expect a megabyte to be a thousand kilobytes, not 1,024. Without getting into specifics of what we're counting, I'll just say that generally it's okay to fudge this particular detail. So if you buy something that advertises, say, 320 GB and you only see 299 ... it's in the ballpark. You got what you paid for.

That's a lot of confusing terms just to get to a simple point, ain't it? Like I said, it's generally okay to fudge it. When I get to a part of your notebook that it isn't okay, I'll let you know. Trust me, it seems like a lot, but it can become second nature in a hurry.

Very Important Term: Bandwidth

Bandwidth is basically used to describe the speed at which data can travel, and is generally notated as kilobytes per second (kB/s), megabytes per second (MB/s), and gigabytes per second (GB/s). You see how it works.

This is very important to know, because the connections between components inside your computer are largely designed around the concept of managing bandwidth.

Bandwidth has a nice bonus over the terms of measure I brought up above because it works pretty linearly. 23 GB/s is always going to be faster than 21 GB/s, unlike MHz where 900 MHz can be slower than 600 MHz if the 600 MHz processor is a better or more efficient design. Likewise, there's no confusing jargon like there is with 1,000 MB being used to fudge 1,024 MB. Bandwidth is what it is: how fast data can move from point A to point B, and we measure it in MB/s and GB/s because it sounds cooler that way (actually, we just measure it in whichever way is most practical and appropriate to scale, but I like my explanation better).

Conclusion

This felt like a textbook, didn't it? Makes your brain hurt, doesn't it?

It's cool, I'll do you a solid like a good textbook does and condense the nonsense:

• Megahertz (MHz) are more or less analogous to revolutions per minute (rpms) in an automobile engine and are not a direct notation of &quot;speed.&quot;
• MHz are used to measure the frequencies processors run at.
• Bytes (B) are used to measure amounts of data.
• We count in base 10; computers count in base 2. It's okay for you to fudge the difference in bytes as long as you're conscious of it.
• Bandwidth is measured linearly in a measure of bytes per second, and will be the basis for a lot of parts of this series.

Coming Up: Motherboards

In my next &quot;How it Works&quot; article, I'm going to start getting into the nitty-gritty of your laptop by talking about what the motherboard is and what it does.

Later on, I'll talk about processors, graphics hardware, and I'll even go so far as to tell you what all those goofy looking ports on the side of your laptop do and what they can be used for (I'll give you a hint: plugging in STUFF!)

 

Good simple intro. Look forward to the next article.

Just as nitty gritty, might you just add that when its one gigabyte, it actually equals something like 1,074 megabytes? just in case anyone is confused why their hard drive is not exactly x bytes.

 

well, there are 2 definitions, the one computers use is by 1024x while the one human use is by 1000x, hence the difference you see in HD size between the advertised and the actual but no biggy. That was well written though a bit like a text book but a fun read non the less, keep up the good work, looking forward to the next installment

 

I l@@k forward to your next article

 

Fantastic. Well written and easy to read.

 

I'm digging this and the style of writing is quite engrossing.

Brilliant.

I'm going to keep a copy of this in my backpack all the time.

 

Well written for its intended audience. You should do an advanced series with more complex material later.

 

Looking forward for the next series

 

This is probably the most useful thing to ever appear on NBR, when combined with the future articles.

Congratulations on a fantastic article, and thank you very much for sharing it!

 

This write up looks like an interesting piece that'll definitely help educate your audience! It's nicely written and easy to understand.

I have to nit pick though about your discussion surrounding Bandwidth:

- There exists an important difference between bandwidth and transmission rate:
-- Bandwidth is the maximum capacity a line over which data can transmit; you can think of it as the size of a pipe: the wider the pipe, the more water (data) can go through it at a time.
-- Transmission rate is the actual rate (or speed) at which data is transmitting from one location to another (like from your computer to a usb drive). Just because you have 1000Mb Ethernet hardware, doesn't mean your file copies will always go at 1000Mbps over the wire. That's just as fast as it could go. (And there are other factors too, like what's going on at each end, are the computers doing other things, etc.)

- Communication traffic is measured in bits, not bytes, so 10/100/1000 Ethernet refers to 10, 100, or 1000 BITS per second. Bandwidth and transmission rates are always measured in bits per second (bps).

- The unit notation for bits is little b, and Bytes is big B. That's why you see 1000 Gb/s or 1000Gbps instead of GB/s or GBps.

(Small foot note: In some awful cases back in modem days, sometimes people measured comm-bytes in 4 bits. That crap made me shudder, but Ethernet bandwidth is measured in 8 bit bytes).

 

After your last article, you should work on your book!! This was very good.

 

The problem is that the information you're presenting here is too esoteric. When I'm writing articles like these, I think of my dad. He's 56, doesn't know much about computers, just wants it to work. I have to write to make sure that he could understand what I'm talking about, because he's my target audience, you know what I mean?

I understand your nitpick and appreciate the kind words.

In regards to bandwidth, though, you and I are speaking the same language here. I'm not going to use it to define anything specific later on, per se, but more to define what RAM does, or why a PCI video card is going to be much worse than a PCI Express card, that sort of thing.

 

I'd personally rather use 1024 for measuring all data sizes, but I don't think the hard drive companies would like that

 

As always, Pulp is the man. Awesome article on the basics.

 

nice, cant wait for next explanations!

 

Nice read, thank you

 

Nice, read! Thanks for sharing!

 

interesting article!

 

This is going to be a good series. I am sure I will learn a few new things myself.
Tim

 

I'd like to suggest you add in a short blurb about how bandwidth also uses bits (which is 1/8th of a byte), since you see things like USB 2.0 having a speed of 480Mb/s, which translates to 60MB/s (theoretical maximum).

 

Though I'm the third person pointing this out, I say that adding the difference between bits and bytes is a good idea. Why? Because people like my 62 year old uncle don't know the difference (my 61 year old dad used to be an engineer, and knows the difference between bits and bytes - this series would still be a very, very, VERY good read for him).

 

Yes, I can appreciate that my nitpicks are esoteric, so I can appreciate making the article more human readable.

sgogeta4 said it best:

I don't believe in reducing complexity until its inaccurate, which I guess was my only real concern. Everything else was great. (All in all, it is pretty stupid that the industry uses two units for storage and transmission.)

Your point about how you will discuss bandwidth later on is a good one: context.

I'm excited to see how much the notebookreview.com audience will learn from your work here. As the audience learns more, they will crave more specs and benchmarks, which is why, I think we all really come to notebookreview.com in the first place. The testing is thorough, empirical, and well presented.

Keep up the knowledge!

 

First off, Very Good write up Pulp...but as others have mentioned.

When you say:

"Bandwidth is basically used to describe the speed at which data can travel, and is generally notated as kilobytes per second (kB/s), megabytes per second (MB/s), and gigabytes per second (GB/s). You see how it works."

This is something that I have an issue with because as far as I know when speaking about "Bandwidth" it's measured in Bits not Bytes. MBps (Mega Bits Per Second), (Kilo Bits Per Second) etc. See Link I can understand how you will use the word byte as well..as byte is also a form of data but it's for data storage and not data transmission.

Now i'm not trying to act all boastful or w/e...I just want people to have correct information..after all it's a teaching thing..all for knowledge..we don't want wrong knowledge being shared.

But as I said before, other than that it was a Very Good write up!